Hallmarks of aging
Genomic instability
Damage to DNA leading to mutations and cellular dysfunction.
Telomere attrition
Shortening the protective caps on chromosomes is associated with cell aging.
Epigenetic alterations
Changes in gene expression patterns without alterations to DNA sequence.
Loss of proteostasis
Decline in cell's ability to maintain protein structure and function.
Disabled Macroautophagy
When damaged organelles and proteins aren't cleared properly, leading to cellular dysfunction.
De-regulated nutrient sensing
Disruption in cellular response to nutrient levels, affecting metabolism.
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Impaired energy production and increased oxidative stress due to dysfunctional mitochondria.
Cellular Senescence
Permanent growth arrest in cells contributes to tissue aging and dysfunction.
Stem cell exhaustion
Reduced ability of stem cells to regenerate tissues and organs.
Altered intercellular communication
Dysfunctional signaling between cells, impacting tissue homeostasis.
Chronic Inflammation
Persistent, low-grade bodily inflammation often due to an overactive immune response, contributing to various diseases.
Dysbiosis
Imbalance in gut microbes, impacting health.